Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inform resistance to anti-PD-L1-based therapy in HCC.
Blood markers can predict months ahead which liver cancer patients will resist immunotherapy, enabling earlier strategy switches.
Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 discriminate ICI responders from non-responders in HCC and predict acquired resistance approximately 36–42 weeks before radiographic detection. This record was retained from the prior triage attempt for PubMed pipeline handoff.
What the study was
- Study design
- prospective_cohort
- Category
- Other
- Maturity
- Validated
- Journal
- Gut
Why it surfaced
Novel multiplex EV liquid biopsy approach validated in prospective training and independent validation cohorts; addresses a high unmet need in HCC where tissue biopsy is often not performed in routine care and ~70% of patients do not respond to ICI; 36–42 week lead time over imaging is clinically transformative.
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